понедельник, 1 декабря 2014 г.

Midterm 2 Review 1 [Stony Brook Physics]

Midterm 2 Review 1 [Stony Brook Physics]

Midterm 2 Review 1 

pdf version

Momentum


We can define momentum as the mass times the velocity
...

Momentum has units kgms1Unlike kinetic energy momentum is a vector quantity.

The most fundamental aspect of momentum is it's connection to force. We can express Newton's second law as

...

Conservation of Momentum

...

среда, 26 ноября 2014 г.

Toyota Mirai hydrogen fuel cell vehicle: We test-drive the future! : TreeHugger

Toyota Mirai hydrogen fuel cell vehicle: We test-drive the future! : TreeHugger










Toyota Mirai hydrogen fuel cell vehicle: We test-drive the future!

Toyota Mirai hydrogen fuel station
© Toyota



Toyota has finally released its vision of the
future—their long awaited, 20-years-in-the-making, fuel cell vehicle
(FCV) they have christened Mirai.

“Mirai,”
for those of you not fluent in Japanese, translates to “future,” and we
were invited to Newport Beach, CA to be among the first to drive
pre-production versions of the vehicles Toyota hopes will help usher in a
future where hydrogen fuel eliminates our dependence on fossil fuels.

© Eric Rogell

If you remember, in October of 2013, we were invited to Japan to test drive the heavily “Frankensteined” mules
Toyota was using for testing, to see how the powertrain worked. Now we
not only know exactly how the Mirai will drive, but also what the
exterior and interior will look like.

For those of you who don’t
have time to read the whole review, here’s the Mirai in a nutshell:
Think of it as the love child of a Camry and a Prius (because it kind of is, but more on that below).

For everyone else, here’s what to expect from the new Mirai:

The Look

Satoshi Ogiso, Managing Officer of Toyota Motor Corporation, told us,
“If the name of your car is Future, it better look futuristic.” So the
Mirai looks unlike any Toyota before it. It gets a sharp, angular hood
that appears to be floating above the front end, with thin, multi-bulb
headlamps lighting the way. Below that is the most striking feature on
the Mirai, the gigantic twin vents that ride on either side of the front
bumper.© Toyota

Not
just a design element, these vents are functional, sucking in large
quantities of oxygen to be pulled into the fuel stack to join the
hydrogen in creating electricity. And the water vapor emitted out of the
tailpipe.

© Toyota

The
profile gets flowing lines and wide rear fender bulges, meant to
“convey the transformation of air into water,” the underlying function
of Mirai’s powerplant.

Just like the Prius’s design when it came
out, the Mirai’s exterior look is polarizing. Some cringed when it was
revealed, some loved it. Very few, if any, were noncommittal. Whichever
side of the fence you ride, it’s a bold statement for Toyota design.

According to Ogisio, the exterior is meant to provoke the question, “What’s that?” Mission accomplished.

© Toyota

Inside,
looking forward from the driver’s seat, the Mirai is decidedly Prius.
The thin instrument panel that rides the top of the dash, and the center
stack with its touch screen, touch controls (there are only two real
knobs to be found), and mini shifter will be instantly recognizable as
coming from the Prius family. And this, says Ogisio, is intentional. It
gives the Mirai the feeling of open and uncluttered space, and a sense
of familiarity to fans of the company’s first hybrid.

Mirai’s
seats also feature the latest technological advancements from Toyota.
The cushions and covers are produced as a single piece, rather than
material over foam, giving more support and better comfort. Both the
driver’s and front passenger’s seats come standard with 8-way power
controls.

© Toyota

Actually,
everything on the Mirai comes standard. It only comes in one trim,
fully loaded with everything Toyota could pack into it, including tech
like Adaptive Cruise Control and Lane Keep.

© Eric Rogell

Except
for a single option: the “power out” port you can use to turn the Mirai
into a rolling electric generator. Yes, the Mirai can power the average
home for up to a week with both onboard hydrogen tanks filled. Not a
bad option to check off on the order sheet if you live in a storm prone
area, or your idea of camping includes lights, air conditioning, and
hair dryers.

© Toyota

The Ride

If you’re a fan of the Prius or the Camry Hybrid, you will love the
Mirai. That’s because it runs on essentially the same hybrid system.
Toyota simply replaced the combustion engine with the fuel cell stack
and hydrogen tanks. The batteries and electric drive are the same.The
numbers are similar to Prius numbers as well: 151 horsepower and 247
lb-ft of torque from the electric motor, 153 hp from the fuel cell
stack, top speed of 111mph, and 0-60 in 9.0 seconds.

© Toyota

For
those torn between a plug in electric and an FCV, or hybrid drivers
wondering if the “fuel” economy is better, it has a range of up to three
times an electric, and hydrogen fuel has much denser energy than
gasonline. The Mirai will take you just over 300 miles with the just
over 5 kilos of hydrogen—about the equivalent of 5 gallons of
gasoline—it can hold in its two onboard tanks.

© Toyota

“For
all its technical wizardry, zero emissions, and bold styling,” says
Ogisio, “it needs to be, at the end of the day, a regular car.” And
that’s exactly what you get from the Mirai. That familiar whine from the
powerplant as you accelerate. A smooth, effortless ride. And while it’s
not as floaty and cloudlike as the Prius, the Mirai does provide a very
comfortable driving experience, with good driving dynamics.

That’s
really the bottom line with the Mirai: This fuel cell technology may be
in its infancy, but Toyota has infused the car with enough familiar
qualities, from the Prius-ish interior to the Camry-like ride, to make
the Mirai approachable and drivable for most drivers.

© Eric Rogell

Price and Availability

The Mirai’s inaugural year will be a limited one. They won’t be
available until the fall of 2015—and only about 200 units will be for
sale in California to qualified buyers who can prove they live and work
near a hydrogen fueling station. (Toyota expects to ramp up to 3000
Mirai for the 2017 model year.)But for those who do qualify,
and want to drive the future, the Toyota is offering a 36-month lease
for $499 per month. Or you can purchase the Mirai for $57,500—which
Toyota is estimating to drop to a final purchase price of about $45,000
after rebates and incentives.

© Toyota

New
Mirai owners also receive Toyota’s 360 Ownership Experience, including
24/7 concierge service (to help you with things like finding the closest
hydrogen fueling station), 24 hour roadside assistance, 3 years of
Toyota Care maintenance, and a comprehensive 8-year/100,000 mile
warranty.

The biggest plus is those early adopters who sign on to
buy the new Mirai will also get 3 years of free hydrogen fuel. You won’t
have to pay a dime to fuel your car. This is not so much an incentive
program from Toyota, as it is a logistics and systems issue because the
technology is so groundbreaking. Apparently the fuel is so new, no
one—from the local governments to the fuel producers—quite knows how to
charge for it yet. So rather than stall the rollout, FCV makers are
giving the fuel away.

Bottom Line

For a technology that’s as new as it is, the Mirai delivers a
surprisingly refined driving experience. With an affordable price tag
and 3 years of free fuel, you can go green and save a lot of green too.




пятница, 21 ноября 2014 г.

Upp hydrogen fuel cell phone charger now available in Apple Stores, we go hands-on - Pocket-lint

Upp hydrogen fuel cell phone charger now available in Apple Stores, we go hands-on - Pocket-lint


Upp hydrogen fuel cell phone charger now available in Apple Stores, we go hands-on






The Upp portable USB charger is now on sale across the UK in Apple
Stores and it provides something a bit different for those who require a
lot more charge than a mere phone top-up.


It is a hydrogen fuel cell charger that can provide up to a "week's
worth of power", so can be ideal when you are away for an extended
period without a power outlet nearby.


We took an Upp on a trial run in Berlin recently, but wanted to wait  until it was actually available in the UK until we posted our thoughts and we must admit it proved invaluable on our travels.
There are two elements to the Upp charger. The main part is the fuel cell, which has an on/off switch and USB port. The other part is a replaceable cartridge which contains the hydrogen needed to recharge the cell.

null


You plug one into the end of the other and can actually start
charging a phone immediately. However, we advise that you charge the
fuel cell part of the device in a conventional way first, using a
connection to regular power socket as the way the Upp works is it draws
on the cartridge as its own stored battery power is waning. That
massively extends the the amount of charge it offers, we found.


Upp claims that is not entirely necessary, with the instruction manual saying that you only need to charge it via a wall socket when the device has been dormant for a long time in order to kick start its fuel consumption, but we found it to work more efficiently for us. So that's what we did.


We charged the main fuel cell through a hidden micro USB port before we travelled and then attached the cartridge when in use in Berlin. It happily restored a dead iPhone 5S back to full power - well, as much as we needed in the time we had available before a meeting.
It works in about the same amount of time it would take to charge a device through a plug socket and because it was fully charged originally, didn't drain the fuel cartridge too much before being fully
charged itself again.

Even without ever charging the main cell section in a normal manner, the fuel cartridge will keep it topped up enough to charge a phone up to five times from zero to 100 per cent. That could be essential on a camping holiday or at a festival, for example.


null


We didn't manage to test it that many times to find out for our
hands-on, but it worked many times on our phone without ever needing to
be recharged through a wall socket. Indeed, we were even supplied with a
second fuel cartridge in case and never once needed to use it.


This all sounds great but there are caveats. The Upp charger is a weighty and large beast. Together, the cell and cartridge weigh 620g - that's more than five times more than the iPhone we were charging. It is also the size of a burglar's cosh. This would not be something you can carry around discretely in a bag or pocket ready to top up your phone when needed.


It also lets out a weird hissing sound and a faint odour that we couldn't quite place until we remembered stink bombs from our school days. Neither is that bad though and only really noticeable when you hold it up to your ear or nose respectively.

The other minor concern is that, as it is new to this country, there aren't that many vendors that can swap the fuel cartridges with full ones (which cost £5.95 a pop). There are plenty in London - Shell petrol stations mainly - but few outside the borders of the M25. We're not sure if Apple will swap the cartridges, but there are more cartridge exchange points being signed up all the time.


null


A dedicated application, which also shows how much charge there is
available on the cell and has been redesigned a bit since our hands-on
session, has a exchange location finder built in. There's similar
functionality on the Upp website at beupp.com, so it'll be worth checking if there's something near you before you make a final decision.


It's also worth noting that it's a fledging technology that will no doubt get better over time - hopefully lighter at least - and more widely supported. For now though, if you plan a long trip up a mountain
or something, you might find the £149 starter pack (Upp cell and cartridge included) a useful addition to your gear.

Hydrogen fuel cell powered VW Golf SportWagen HyMotion unveiled with 310-mile range - Pocket-lint

Hydrogen fuel cell powered VW Golf SportWagen HyMotion unveiled with 310-mile range - Pocket-lint



Hydrogen fuel cell powered VW Golf SportWagen HyMotion unveiled with 310-mile range


Volkswagen has unveiled an innovative new car, the Golf SportWagen
HyMotion that uses hydrogen fuel cells, making it eco-friendly but
super high tech.


Hydrogen powered cars only produce water as a byproduct making them
environmentally friendly. They can also be filled up quickly like
current cars giving them that advantage over pure electric cars that
require charging.


The HyMotion is currently a "progressive research vehicle" meaning
it's not aimed at the road just yet but is helping VW to perfect its
fuel cell tech. The front wheel drive car is able to achieve a 0-62mph
acceleration in 10 seconds and can manage 310-miles on a full tank of
hydrogen. Refilling the tank of the concept car takes only three
minutes.


null


The hydrogen fuel cell powered car still features lithium-ion
batteries. These are used to store energy from regenerative breaking,
assist in the starting phase of the fuel cell and as a booster for more
acceleration.


Volkswagen says that when it does start to release fuel cell cars it
will do so in current models like the Golf which already feature
perfected systems. The wait for that to happen is due to developmental
hurdles. For example an infrastructure of fuel cell station to recharge
would be needed. Also the plants that manufacture the fuel would need to
be eco-friendly too or that would defeat the object of hydrogen powered
cars.




среда, 19 ноября 2014 г.

Круглый стол Кластера энергоэффективных технологий Фонда «Сколково» «Водородные технологии: перспективы разработки и коммерциализации» - Skolkovo Community

Круглый стол Кластера энергоэффективных технологий Фонда «Сколково» «Водородные технологии: перспективы разработки и коммерциализации» - Skolkovo Community

Круглый стол Кластера энергоэффективных
технологий Фонда «Сколково» «Водородные технологии: перспективы
разработки и коммерциализации»

Когда:  Вт 18 ноя14:00 - 19:00
Где:Гиперкуб, Сколково  Москва, Сколковское шоссе
Автор: Lebedev Pavel


Кластер энергоэффективных технологий Фонда Сколково поддерживают
реализацию инновационных разработок в области водородных технологий.
Участники Фонда добиваются успехов в этапах разработки своих продуктов и
привлечении инвестиций, демонстрируя их уникальные характеристики.
 В то же время для вывода инновационной продукции на рынок необходимо
партнерство с крупными индустриальными компаниями. Для развития взаимодействия инновационных компаний, поставщиков и потребителей 18 ноября 2014 года мы проводим Круглый стол: «Водородные технологии: перспективы разработки и коммерциализации».
Цели круглого стола:
  1. Определение путей развития и коммерциализации водородных технологий
  2. Сформулировать потребности компаний-потенциальных потребителей в разработках, соответствующих требованиям отрасли
  3. Определить механизм (и площадку) для взаимодействия разработчиков и
    потребителей инновационных решений для развития спроса на водородные
    технологии
Программа клуба:


14:00 – 14:30 Сбор участников
14:30 – 14:40 Приветственное слово
Николай Грачев, Вице-президент, Исполнительный директор Кластера энергоэффективных технологий
14:40 – 14:50 Энергетические Центры Сколтеха
Кит Стивенсон, Директор Центра по электрохимической энергетике
14:50 – 15:00 Менторская программа Сколково. Водородные технологии в Кластере ЭЭТ
Илья Киселев, Ведущий аналитик Кластера ЭЭТ
Кофе-брейк 40 мин (1 Этаж Гиперкуба)
Часть 1. Питч-презентации инновационных проектов
15:40-15:50 Уникальные композитные мембраны для получения сверхчистого водорода
В. Архангельский, Руководитель направления системной интеграции ООО «Инновационная компания МЕВОДЭНА»
15:50-16:00 Разработка палладийсодержащих мембран для водородной энергетики
А. Веденеев, ООО «Мембраны-НЦ»
16:00 – 16:10 Коммерциализация технологий водородной энергетики
Д.Ю. Шапошников, Генеральный директор ООО «Эй Ти Энерджи»
Часть 2. Выступления организаций-разработчиков и инвесторов
16:10-16:20 Разработки в области ТОТЭ
С.И. Бредихин, Заведующий лабораторией спектроскопии дефектных структур Института физики твердого тела РАН
16:20-16:30 Водородная энергетика для России и Азии. Предлагаемые пути развития
Алексей Кашин, Генеральный директор ООО «Инэнерджи»
16:30-16:40 Разработки ЦНИИ СЭТ в области водородных технологий
И.К. Ландграф, Зам. Директора филиала ЦНИИ «СЭТ» по направлению водородной энергетики
16:40-16:50 Системы резервного питания на топливных элементах - перспективы коммерциализации в России
Б. Йосько, Генеральный директор ООО «Эко Пауэр Дизайн»
16:50-17:00 Венчурные инвестиции в водородные технологии
Петр Лукьянов, Управляющий партнер Phystech Ventures
17:00-17:10 Перспективные направления развития водородной энергетики
В.М. Зайченко, Объединенный институт высоких температур РАН
17:10-17:20 Тенденции развития технического регулирования в России в области водородных технологий и топливных элементов
А.Ю. Раменский, Президент НП «НАВЭ»
17:20-19:00 Панельная дискуссия

Технологические направления в рамках дискуссии:

  1. Энергоустановки на базе топливных элементов
  2. Системы получения чистого водорода
  3. Системы реформинга газа
  4. Системы хранения водорода

К участию в дискуссии приглашены:

  1. Кит Стивенсон, Директор Центра по электрохимической энергетике
  2. Елена дунаева, Компания «Сен-Гобен»
  3. ОАО «ТВЭЛ»
  4. ОАО «Интер РАО»
  5. ОАО «Росэнергоатом»
  6. С.И. Бредихин, Заведующий лабораторией спектроскопии дефектных структур Института физики твердого тела РАН
  7. Д.Ю. Шапошников, Генеральный директор ООО «Эй Ти Энерджи»
  8. С.В. Шубенков, Директор ЗАО «Энерго-эффективность»
  9. И.К. Ландграф, Зам. Директора филиала ЦНИИ «СЭТ» по направлению водородной энергетики
  10. В. Архангельский, Руководитель направления системной интеграции ООО «Инновационная компания МЕВОДЭНА                                                                       Вопросы для обсуждения:
  1. Перспективные направления разработок в области водородных технологий (Открытая дискуссия).
  2. Инструменты поддержки инновационных компаний в разработке инновационных продуктов на базе водородных технологий
  3. Механизмы взаимодействия
  4. Нормативная база в области водородных технологий

Hydrogen Cars Join Electric Models in Showrooms - NYTimes.com

Hydrogen Cars Join Electric Models in Showrooms - NYTimes.com



A Road Test of Alternative Fuel Visions

Hydrogen Cars Join Electric Models in Showrooms



Photo




Continue reading the main story  
    LOS ANGELES — Remember the hydrogen car?
    A
    decade ago, President George W. Bush espoused the environmental promise
    of cars running on hydrogen, the universe’s most abundant element. “The
    first car driven by a child born today,” he said in his 2003 State of
    the Union speech, “could be powered by hydrogen, and pollution-free.”
    That changed under Steven Chu, the Nobel Prize-winning
    physicist who was President Obama’s first Secretary of Energy. “We
    asked ourselves, ‘Is it likely in the next 10 or 15, 20 years that we
    will convert to a hydrogen-car economy?’” Dr. Chu said then. “The
    answer, we felt, was ‘no.’ ” The administration slashed funding for
    hydrogen fuel cell research.
    Attention shifted to battery electric vehicles, particularly those made by the headline-grabbing Tesla Motors.
    The
    hydrogen car, it appeared, had died. And many did not mourn its
    passing, particularly those who regarded the auto companies’ interest in
    hydrogen technology as a stunt to signal that they cared about the
    environment while selling millions of highly profitable gas guzzlers.
    Except the companies, including General Motors, Honda, Toyota, Daimler and Hyundai, persisted.
    After many years and billions of dollars of research and development, hydrogen cars are headed to the showrooms.
    Hyundai
    has been leasing the hydrogen-powered Tucson sport utility, which it
    describes as the world’s first mass-produced fuel cell car, since June,
    for a $2,999 down payment, and $499 a month. (That includes the
    hydrogen. A lease on a gas-powered Tucson is about half as much.) This
    week, Toyota is introducing a sedan called Mirai, which means “future”
    in Japanese.
    “It’s
    a no-brainer that I think the next evolution is to go to fuel-cell
    based technologies,” said Nihar Patel, the vice president for North
    American business strategy at Toyota, at a conference here last week.
    The Mirai will go on sale in California this year for $57,500 — cheaper than the Tesla Model S.
    California
    is spending millions of dollars to build hydrogen fueling stations,
    aiming to increase the network from nine today to 50 by the end of next
    year, mostly around Los Angeles and the San Francisco Bay Area. Japan
    and Germany, two other early markets for hydrogen cars, are building a
    similar number of stations.

    Continue reading the main story



    Hydrogen Powered

    The major components of the Toyota Mirai, a hydrogen-powered car.












    POWER CONTROL UNIT
    Manages the fuel cell stack and battery.
    BATTERY
    Stores energy from deceleration.
    MOTOR
    Runs on electricity from the fuel stack and the battery.
    FUEL CELL STACK
    Generates electricity from hydrogen fuel.
    HYDROGEN TANK
    Stores hydrogen fuel under high pressure.

    “We really believe that we’re at a turning point here,” Mr. Patel said.
    The combustion of one gallon of gasoline releases almost 20 pounds of carbon dioxide. In 2012, some 1.8 billion tons of carbon dioxide were discharged by cars and trucks in the United States, or more than a quarter of the nation’s greenhouse gas emissions. Concerns about climate change are intensifying discussions about alternatives to gasoline and diesel engines.
    Battery
    electric cars and fuel cell cars are, at their cores, both electric
    cars with the inherent advantages of electric motors — jack rabbit
    acceleration, near silence and zero tailpipe emissions of greenhouse
    gases.
    The difference is where the electricity comes from.
    Instead
    of storing their charge in batteries, the fuel cells in hydrogen cars
    are miniature power plants, generating a flow of electricity in the
    chemical reaction of combining hydrogen and oxygen into water. The
    oxygen comes from the air; the hydrogen, compressed at 10,000 pounds per
    square inch, is stored in tanks.
    The exhaust from the tailpipe? Water that is clean enough to drink.
    Toyota
    officials talk of selling a “portfolio” of vehicles that includes
    hybrids and battery electric cars. But hydrogen fuel cells are front and
    center.
    Not
    surprisingly, the strategy has its critics, particularly from competing
    Tesla. Elon Musk, the billionaire chief executive of Tesla, mocks fuel
    cells as “fool cells” that will lose in the marketplace to battery
    electric cars like his. Battery electrics are more efficient than fuel
    cells and are cheaper to operate. And there are currently many more
    places to plug in than places to top off a tank of hydrogen.
    But
    battery electric cars have major technological shortcomings, too. They
    take time to recharge, they do not go as far as hydrogen cars between
    refueling, and the batteries required for larger vehicles make building
    them impractical, because the current lithium-ion batteries simply
    cannot hold enough energy to take larger vehicles over longer distances.
    In
    California, Toyota sells an electric Rav4 sport utility vehicle that is
    powered by Tesla batteries and has a range of only 103 miles. That
    collaboration was limited to 2,600 vehicles and ends this year.
    After a point, adding more batteries has diminishing returns; the additional power just goes to lugging the additional weight.
    That
    is why most battery electric cars have been small, like the Nissan
    Leaf, aimed at commuters. For batteries to be practical in minivans,
    pickup trucks and larger S.U.V.s, “the next chemistry has to be better,”
    said Craig Scott, the manager of advanced technologies at Toyota USA.
    “No one even knows what that chemistry is.”
    Hydrogen fuel cells readily scale up, even to trucks and buses.
    A
    kilogram of hydrogen contains as much chemical energy as a gallon of
    gasoline, but fuel cells are more efficient than internal combustion
    engines, so fuel-cell cars like the Mirai have a 300-mile range,
    comparable to present-day gasoline cars. Filling up at a hydrogen pump
    takes about the same few minutes as filling a tank of gas, instead of
    hours plugged in to an outlet. Even Tesla’s high-powered superchargers
    need 20 minutes to give a Model S half a charge.
    “It’s the technology that lets people act the way they normally drive without making any compromises,” Mr. Scott said.
    The questions surrounding hydrogen fuel cells have always been “How expensive?” and “Where does the hydrogen come from?”


    Photo


    Ed Heydorn with a
    hydrogen-powered Hyundai Tucson at a station in front of a
    wastewater-treatment plant in Fountain Valley, Calif. Hydrogen is
    generated there from human waste.


    Credit
    Mike Danese



    Building
    a fuel cell small enough to fit in a car, operate for years and not
    cost a million dollars posed challenges that the carmakers say they have
    conquered.
    A
    fleet of 119 fuel cell-powered Chevrolet Equinoxes that General Motors
    introduced as a demonstration project in 2007 has covered more than
    three million miles, with the odometers on some of the vehicles passing
    120,000 miles.
    “Since
    2010, we’ve gotten to where we’ve checked off most of the technological
    challenges,” said Charles E. Freese, the head of G.M.’s fuel cell
    efforts.
    The
    cost has come down, too, in large part from reducing the amount of
    expensive platinum required. The platinum is used as a catalyst to bring
    the oxygen and hydrogen together.
    Mr. Patel said the fuel cell in the Toyota Mirai was smaller than the previous generation and 95 percent cheaper.
    Nonetheless,
    Toyota likely will lose money on each Mirai it sells, but it also
    initially lost money on the Prius, its now-successful electric-gasoline
    hybrid.
    The
    fuel-cell market will start small. Toyota said it could build 700
    Mirais next year. Hyundai said its production line has the capacity to
    build a few hundred fuel-cell Tucsons a year. About 60 Tucsons will be
    leased in Southern California by the end of the year.
    As
    economies of scale grow and the technologies improve, the hope is that
    fuel cell cars will follow the trajectory of the Prius, which evolved
    from a money-losing oddball to a profitable mainstream offering. “If
    that’s an example of a test, we want to repeat that test going forward,”
    Mr. Patel said.
    Some of the most vociferous objections to hydrogen cars have been made over environmental concerns.
    In an interview
    with MIT Technology Review in 2009, Dr. Chu said fuel cell cars needed
    “four miracles,” including an economical, renewable source of hydrogen.
    Most hydrogen today comes from stripping hydrogen atoms off natural gas
    molecules. That produces carbon dioxide as a byproduct and undercuts the
    goal of reducing greenhouse gases. Solar-powered electrolyzers to split
    water into hydrogen and oxygen would eliminate greenhouse gases but
    would be more expensive.
    Hydrogen
    advocates say that in California, where a large percentage of
    electricity already comes from solar and wind, hydrogen cars would help
    reduce greenhouse gas emissions. But electric-battery supporters dispute
    that analysis and say bigger gains would come from putting the
    electricity directly into batteries.
    Skeptics also doubt that billions of dollars would be spent building a nationwide hydrogen infrastructure.
    Dr.
    Chu, now a professor at Stanford University, is still among the
    skeptics — he, like Mr. Musk, sees electric batteries as the more
    promising path. But he said advances in solar and wind technologies made
    producing hydrogen by splitting water more economical. “I began to see
    more possibilities of clean hydrogen production,” he said in an
    interview last month.
    Other
    technologies could emerge, too. A hydrogen station in Fountain Valley,
    about 45 minutes from downtown Los Angeles, is in front of a wastewater
    treatment plant, because the hydrogen comes from human waste.
    After
    bacteria digest what has been flushed down toilets to produce a mix of
    carbon dioxide and methane, the gases are cleaned up and fed to a
    different type of fuel cell that produces electricity, heat and
    hydrogen, and the hydrogen is piped to the pump.
    That
    demonstration project, producing about 200 pounds of hydrogen a day,
    helps fulfill California’s mandate that a third of the hydrogen for cars
    come from renewable sources.
    Scott
    Samuelsen, the director of the National Fuel Cell Research Center at
    the University of California, Irvine, said some drivers reported, given
    the cycle of human waste to energy, “There is something comforting about
    fueling here, that they are actually contributing to the fuel.”

    суббота, 5 июля 2014 г.

    Эрбас.




    Топливо.


    До свиданья керосин. Этот горючий
    углеводород может скоро уйти в историю, впрочем, как и вся турбовинтовая
    и турбореактивная авиация. Ему на смену придут водород,
    электродвигатели и топливные элементы. И объясняется это не только
    заботой об окружающей среде. Все опять упирается в вес и КПД. Если
    выкинуть из самолета километры всяких топливопроводов и десятки насосов и
    клапанов, постоянно гоняющих керосин из бака в бак, а потом еще и в
    двигатели, а потом еще заменим здоровенные турбины, на соответствующей
    мощности электродвигатель, то получим экономию в весе, измеряемую
    тоннами. Приплюсуйте к этому КПД топливных элементов, доходящий до 80%, и
    тогда вам станет ясно, почему за эту технологию так плотно взялись
    инженеры AIRBUS.

    Так
    что же нас ждет в ближайшем будущем? В ответ инженеры AIBUS пожимают
    плечами. Ведутся испытания, продувки моделей, расчеты и снова испытания.
    Только найденный оптимальный вариант из десятков и сотен, получит шанс
    для воплощения в реальности.

    понедельник, 23 июня 2014 г.

    ARPA-E Awards $33 Million for Grid-Tied Fuel Cells : Greentech Media

    ARPA-E Awards $33 Million for Grid-Tied Fuel Cells : Greentech Media

    ...
    “It could be an additional piece in the evolving grid,” Martin said of
    fuel cell breakthroughs. The REBELS program joins ARPA-E’s GENI, GRIDS
    and ADEPT programs that are also funding technologies that could
    contribute to a more efficient, distributed grid.

    суббота, 21 июня 2014 г.

    Green Car Congress: ARPA-E awards $33M to 13 intermediate-temp fuel cell projects; converting gaseous hydrocarbons to liquid fuels

    Green Car Congress: ARPA-E awards $33M to 13 intermediate-temp fuel cell projects; converting gaseous hydrocarbons to liquid fuels

    6 DOE-funded applied battery research projects targeting Li-ion cells with >200 Wh/kg for PHEVs and EVs |

    Main

    | Electric bus maker Proterra raises more than $30M; Kleiner Perkins and GM led »



    ARPA-E awards $33M to 13 intermediate-temp fuel cell projects; converting gaseous hydrocarbons to liquid fuels

    19 June 2014

    The US Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy (ARPA-E) is awarding
    $33 million to 13 new projects aimed at developing transformational fuel
    cell technologies for low-cost distributed power generation. The
    projects, which are funded through ARPA-E’s new Reliable Electricity
    Based on ELectrochemical Systems (REBELS) program, are focused on
    improving grid stability, balancing intermittent renewable technologies,
    and reducing CO2 emissions using electrochemical distributed power generation systems.

    пятница, 30 мая 2014 г.

    for fuel cell - Page 6 of 10 | The Daily Fusion

      for fuel cell -



     Page 6 of 10 | The Daily Fusion


    January, 2014: This Month in Energy

    January, 2014: This Month in Energy

    Global
    renewable energy share can double by 2030, China can cut its energy use
    by 22%, several studies look into the future of electric and fuel cell
    vehicles, the prospects look good for solar energy in the Middle East,
    North Africa and Australia. We have collected all these stories and more
    of the most important energy news of the past month conveniently in one
    place for you to read. »



     
    Y.H. Percival Zhang, right, an associate professor of biological systems engineering in the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences and College of Engineering at Virginia Tech and Zhiguang Zhu, who received his degree in biological systems engineering in 2013, show their new sugar battery, which has an energy density an order of magnitude higher than others.

    Energy-Dense Sugar Battery Developed at Virginia Tech

    A
    Virginia Tech research team has developed a battery that runs on sugar
    and has an unmatched energy density, a development that could replace
    conventional batteries with ones that are cheaper, refillable, and
    biodegradable. »

     
     
    Molybdenum is an abundant and cheap material. It is used in steel alloys because of its resistance to corrosion and weldability (for example, in wrenches and other tools)

    EPFL Scientists Propose Cheaper Hydrogen Production Method

    By
    replacing platinum with molybdenum in photoelectrochemical cells,
    scientists at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne
    (EPFL), Switzerland, have developed a cheaper and scalable technique
    that can greatly improve hydrogen production through water splitting as a
    means of storing solar energy. »

     
     
    A prototype flow battery in Aziz's lab at Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences.

    New Organic Flow Battery May Revolutionize Energy Storage

    A
    team of Harvard scientists and engineers has demonstrated a new type of
    flow battery that could fundamentally transform the way electricity is
    stored on the grid, making power from renewable energy sources such as
    wind and solar far more economical and reliable. »

     
     
    Better sensors can help natural gas fired power plants like this one in Tempe, Arizona become more clean efficient.

    High-Temperature Optical Gas Sensing to Increase Power Plant Efficiency

    The
    sensors team at DOE’s National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) is
    working on sensor technologies to enable embedded gas sensing at high
    temperature. The team’s goal is to develop novel materials with large
    optical responses and high-temperature stability for integration with
    optical sensor platforms. »

     
     
    Unstable Ceria Can Convert Solar Energy Into Hydrogen

    Unstable Ceria Can Convert Solar Energy Into Hydrogen

    A
    team of scientists at the Technical University of Denmark (DTU) has
    successfully increased the reactivity of the ceramic material—ceria—a
    million fold. One possible application is solar concentrators used to
    convert solar energy into hydrogen. »

     
     
    ARPA-E Puts $30 Million Into Distributed Energy Generation Tech

    ARPA-E Puts $30 Million Into Distributed Energy Generation Tech

    Yesterday,
    ARPA-E announced up to $30 million in funding for a new program focused
    on the development of transformational electrochemical technologies to
    enable low-cost distributed energy generation. »

     
     
    The Logan Pass Visitor Center in Glacier National Park parking lot is pretty full during the summer.

    Insufficient Parking Space Hinders Electric Vehicle Adoption

    According
    to Carnegie Mellon researchers, current parking and charging
    infrastructure for electric vehicles is inadequate and a major obstacle
    to the adoption of electric vehicles. Despite some isolated efforts,
    such as those made by Tesla Motors, today’s charging infrastructure is lacking and is further limited by insufficient residential parking. »

     
    Eight metals used in low-carbon energy technologies are under risk of shortages.

    EU Risks Shortages of 8 Metals Used in Renewable Energy

    Instead of running out of oil,
    the EU may soon run out of some metals, used in low-carbon energy
    technologies. According to a new Joint Research Centre (JRC) study
    looking into the supply of raw materials for the manufacture of
    low-carbon energy technologies, eight metals are at high risk of
    shortages. The risk arises from EU dependency on imports, growing demand
    worldwide and geopolitical reasons. »

     
     
    Dr. Dat Tran, U.S. Army Research Laboratory electro-chemistry, shows two samples of materials that combine to extract sulfur from JP8, or Jet Propellant 8, that is a fuel widely used in the Army. (Credit: Joyce P. Brayboy)

    Army Lab Looks for Ways to Convert JP-8 to Hydrogen

    A
    small team of scientists at the U.S. Army Research Laboratory are
    collaborating with counterparts at the Communications-Electronics and
    the Tank Automotive Research, Development and Engineering Centers, to
    develop technology for lightweight, portable prototype systems that
    would convert Jet Propellant 8, commonly referred to as JP-8, to
    hydrogen for fuel cell applications on the spot. »

     
     
    The strong activity of the new catalyst material (dark circle at center) in promoting the oxygen evolution reaction when submerged in water, as revealed by the bubbles of oxygen forming on its surface. (Credit: MIT)

    New ‘Double Perovskites’ Materials Improve Key Chemical Reaction for Energy Storage

    Scientists
    at the MIT have discovered a new family of materials (“double
    perovskites”) that provides the best-ever performance in a reaction
    called oxygen evolution. According to an MIT article, this is a key
    requirement for energy storage and delivery systems such as advanced
    fuel cells and lithium-air batteries. »

     
    Hydrogen Tools app.

    ‘Hydrogen Tools’ App Focuses on Hydrogen Safety Issues

    Engineers
    and scientists at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Pacific Northwest
    National Laboratory (PNNL) have developed an app that focuses on
    hydrogen safety issues. »

     
     
     
    Researchers from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and Florida-based Chemergy Inc. plan to demonstrate an innovative bioenergy technology that converts wastewater treatment plant byproducts into hydrogen gas to produce electricity. The demonstration will be conducted at the Delta Diablo Sanitation District facility in Antioch, Calif. (Credit: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory)

    Project to Demonstrate Conversion of Wastewater Biosolids Into Hydrogen on Industrial Scale

    Researchers
    from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) and Florida-based
    Chemergy Inc. plan to demonstrate an innovative technology that converts
    wastewater biosolids (organic residual byproducts of wastewater
    treatment process) into a hydrogen gas that, in turn, can be used to
    produce electricity. The $1.75 million project will demonstrate an
    integrated system on a limited industrial scale at the Delta Diablo
    Sanitation District (DDSD) facility in Antioch, Calif. »

     
     
    This schematic depicts a new ORNL-developed material that can easily absorb or shed oxygen atoms. (Credit: Ho Nyung Lee / Oak Ridge National Laboratory)

    ORNL Develops Novel Oxygen ‘Sponge’ Material for Energy Storage

    Researchers
    at the Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) have
    developed a new oxygen “sponge” that can easily absorb or shed oxygen
    atoms at low temperatures. This material would be useful in devices like
    rechargeable batteries, sensors, gas converters and fuel cells. »

     
    An artist’s conception of a commercial hydrogen production plant that uses sunlight to split water in order to produce clean hydrogen fuel. (Image courtesy University of Colorado Boulder)

    Scientists at CU-Boulder Develop New Hydrogen Production Method

    Researchers
    at the University of Colorado Boulder have developed what they say is a
    radically new technique that uses the power of sunlight to efficiently
    split water into its components of hydrogen and oxygen, paving the way
    for the broad use of hydrogen as a clean, green fuel. »

     
    This complex solar cell is coated with two different catalysts and works like an

    New Polymer Protects Photovoltaic ‘Artificial Leaves’ From Corrosion

    One
    way to solve the solar energy storage problem is to is to use the
    electricity generated by solar cells to split water by means of
    electrolysis to get hydrogen that can easily be stored. Scientists at
    the HZB Institute for Solar Fuels have modified so-called superstrate
    solar cells with their highly efficient architecture in order to obtain
    hydrogen from water with the help of suitable catalysts. Such solar cell
    works something like an “artificial leaf.” The problem is, photovoltaic
    cell rapidly corrodes when placed in the aqueous electrolyte solution. »

     
    Hyundai ix35 Fuel Cell in Copenhagen. (Credit: Hyundai Motor Company)

    Hyundai Delivers 15 Hydrogen-Powered SUVs to Copenhagen

    Hyundai
    Motor Company has recently delivered the first of its assembly
    line-produced ix35 Fuel Cell vehicles to the City of Copenhagen in
    Denmark. This hydrogen-powered SUVs were handed over by Hyundai Motor
    Europe, Hyundai Motor’s European sales subsidiary, during the opening
    ceremony of Denmark’s first hydrogen refuelling station. »

     
     
    In this microfluidic test-bed, a chemically inert wall (red) separates anode from cathode and the channels in which O2 and H2 are generated by splitting water molecules. Protons (H+) are conducted from one channel to the other via a membrane cap (Nafion®) that also prevents the intermixing of the O2 and H2 product streams. (Credit: See citation at the end of this article)

    Microfluidic Test-Bed for Artificial Photosynthesis Testing Developed

    As
    there is enough energy in one hour’s worth of global sunlight to meet
    all human needs for a year, scientists across the world are working on
    finding effective means to harness all that power. In order for this
    problem to be solved it is essential to have an ability to test the
    conversion of solar energy into electrochemical energy on the
    micro-scale. Researchers from the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,
    working at the Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis (JCAP), have
    developed the first fully integrated microfluidic test-bed for
    evaluating and optimizing solar-driven electrochemical energy conversion
    systems. This test-bed system has already been used to study schemes
    for photovoltaic electrolysis of water, and can be readily adapted to
    study proposed artificial photosynthesis and fuel cell technologies. »

     
     
    A high-resolution microscopic image of a new type of nanostructured-carbon-based catalyst developed at Los Alamos National Laboratory that could pave the way for reliable, economical next-generation batteries and alkaline fuel cells. (Photo credit: Los Alamos National Laboratory)

    Scientists Develop Cheap and Efficient Nanostructured-Carbon-Based Catalyst

    Los
    Alamos National Laboratory scientists have designed a new type of
    nanostructured-carbon-based catalyst that could pave the way for
    reliable, economical next-generation batteries and alkaline fuel cells,
    providing for practical use of wind- and solar-powered electricity, as
    well as enhanced hybrid electric vehicles. The new material has the
    highest oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity in alkaline media of
    any non-precious metal catalyst developed to date. »

     
    UBC addresses growing dependence on power sources to fuel electronic devices. (Credit: Ms. Claire Heininger)

    U.S. Army Develops Universal Battery Charger

    A
    collaborative effort between the Army Research Laboratory (ARL),
    Project Manager Soldier Warrior (PM SWAR), the
    Communications-Electronics Command Logistics and Readiness Center (CECOM
    LRC), CERDEC Command, Power and Integration Directorate (CP&I) and
    their industry partners has resulted in what is known as the Universal
    Battery Charger. The Universal Battery Charger, or UBC, represents the
    first major update to the standard Army battery charger in almost two
    decades. »

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